Custom Essay Writing Service for students at any academic level. Professional custom essay writers, ⏰24/7 Support, Full Confidentiality, Plagiarism Free! Get high-quality custom essay easily Censorship is the suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. This may be done on the basis that such material is considered objectionable, harmful, sensitive, or "inconvenient". Censorship can be conducted by governments, private institutions, and other controlling bodies. Governments and private organizations may engage in censorship Apr 28, · The media are still feeling the impact of an executive order signed in that created ‘the nation’s first ministry of information’ The censorship board. George Creel is seated at far right
Book Censorship and Banning of Children's Books
Hu Yaobang Chinese : 胡耀邦 ; 20 November — 15 April was a high-ranking official of the People's Republic of China. He held the top office of the Chinese Communist Party CCP from tomedia censorship essay, first as Chairman from tothen as General Secretary from to Media censorship essay joined the CCP in the s, and rose to prominence as a comrade of Deng Xiaoping.
During the Cultural Revolution —Hu was purged, recalled and purged again by Mao Zedong, media censorship essay. After Deng rose to power, following the death of Mao ZedongHu was promoted to a series of high media censorship essay positions and played an important role in the " Boluan Fanzheng " program. Throughout the s Hu pursued a series of economic and political reforms under the direction of Deng, media censorship essay.
Hu's political and economic reforms made him the enemy of several powerful Party elderswho opposed free market reforms and attempts to make China's government more transparent. When widespread student protests occurred across China inHu's political opponents successfully blamed Hu for the disruptions, claiming that Hu's "laxness" and " bourgeois liberalization " had either led to, or worsened, the protests. Hu was forced to resign as Party general secretary inbut was allowed to retain a seat in the Politburo.
Hu's position as Party general secretary was taken by Zhao Ziyangwho continued many of Hu's economic and political reforms.
A day after Hu's death ina small-scale demonstration commemorated him and demanded that the government reassess his legacy. A week later, the day before Hu's funeral, somestudents marched on Tiananmen Square, media censorship essay, leading to the Tiananmen Square protests.
Following the protests, the Chinese government censored the details of Hu's life within media censorship essay China [ citation needed ]but it officially rehabilitated his image and lifted its censorship restrictions on the 90th anniversary of Hu's birth, in Hu Yaobang's ancestors were Hakkas [1] [2] from Jiangxi.
During the Ming dynasty — they migrated into Hunanmedia censorship essay, where Hu was born. Media censorship essay a child he never attended school, and he taught himself to read. Hu participated in his first rebellion when he was twelve, media censorship essay, left his family to join the Chinese Communist Party when he was only fourteen, [4] and became a full media censorship essay of the Party in Hu was one of the youngest veterans of the Long March.
Just before the beginning of the Long March, media censorship essay, he and others were on their way to be beheaded. However, a powerful local communist commander named Tan Yubao intervened at the last minute, saving Hu's life. Because of Hu's support of Mao, he was deemed unreliable and ordered to join the Long March so that he could be placed under surveillance, media censorship essay.
Hu Yaobang was seriously wounded in the battle of Mount Lumedia censorship essay, near Zunyiclose to the area where Mao Zedong rose back to power via the Zunyi Conference.
Hu was rescued by a childhood friend of his, a Chinese Red Army commander, who happened to pass by. Hu called out his friend's nickname to ask for help, and the friend helped him catch up with the retreating main force of the Chinese Red Army and get treatment for his wounds. InHu joined an expeditionary force led by Zhang Guotao. Zhang Guotao's forces were soundly defeated by the local Nationalist warlords, the Ma clique.
Hu Yaobang, along with Qin Jiweibecame two of the thousands of prisoners-of-war captured by Ma clique's forces. Hu was one media censorship essay only 1, prisoners-of-war whom Ma Bufang decided to use as forced labor rather than execute.
Ma Bufang sent several Muslim cavalry divisions under General Ma Biao to fight against the Japanese, media censorship essay. However Chiang Kai-shek pressured Ma Bufang to contribute even more of his troops to fight Japanese invaders, Ma Bufang decided that, instead of using more of his own troops, he would instead send the 1, media censorship essay, Chinese Red Army prisoners-of-war as conscripts.
Since the marching route had to pass the border of the communist base in Shaanxi, Hu Yaobang and Qin Jiwei decided to return to the Communists, and secretly organized an escape.
The escape took place as planned and was a success: out of the total 1, POWs, media censorship essay, more than 1, media censorship essay, successfully returned to Yan'an. Mao personally welcomed these returning communists, and Hu Yaobang returned to communist forces, where he would remain for rest of his life. After Hu arrived in Yan'anhe attended the Anti-Japanese Military School. While studying in Yan'an, Hu met and married his wife, Li Zhaowho was also a student in Yan'an.
After his training, Hu worked in the political department, media censorship essay, and was assigned to work as a member of Peng Dehuai 's Third Front Army. Hu befriended and worked closely with Deng Media censorship essay in the s. In the s, Hu worked under Deng as a political commissar in the Second Field Army.
In the final stages of the Chinese Civil Warmedia censorship essay, Hu accompanied Deng to Sichuanand communist forces successfully took control of the province from Nationalist forces in Inthe CCP successfully defeated Nationalist forces on mainland China, and the communists founded the People's Republic.
InHu accompanied Deng to Beijing, and Hu became the leader of the Communist Youth League from — Hu may have been assigned to work outside of Beijing because he was judged as being not sufficiently enthusiastic about Maoism.
During the Cultural RevolutionHu was purged twice and rehabilitated twice, mirroring the political career of Hu's mentor, media censorship essay, Deng Xiaoping. Hu became "number one" among the "Three Hus", whose names were vilified and who were paraded through Beijing wearing heavy wooden collars around their necks.
The other two "Hus" were Hu Keshimedia censorship essay, who was the second most senior member of the Communist Youth League, and Hu Qiliwho was third most senior in the Communist Youth League and who had also become a close associate of Deng Xiaoping, media censorship essay. After being publicly humiliated, Hu was sent to an isolated work camp to participate in "reformation through labour" under strict security. While in political exile Hu was forced to work hauling large boulders by hand.
When Deng was temporarily recalled to Beijing, from —, Hu was also recalled; but, when Deng was purged again, media censorship essayHu was also purged. After Hu was recalled, he was promoted to directing the Party's organizational department, and later directed Party propaganda through a department of the Politburo. According to the Chinese government, Hu was personally responsible for exonerating over three million people.
Hu opposed Hua Guofeng 's " Two Whatevers " policy, and was an important supporter of Deng Xiaoping's ascent to power. Hu Yaobang's rise to power was engineered by Deng Xiaoping, and Hu rose to the highest levels of the Party after Deng displaced Hua Guofeng as China's " paramount leader ".
In Hu became Party Secretary General, and was elected to the powerful Politburo Standing Committee. InHu became Media censorship essay Chairmanbut helped abolish the position of Party chairman inas part of a broader effort to distance China from Maoist politics.
Most of the chairman's functions were transferred to the post of General Secretary, a post taken by Hu. Deng's displacement of Hua Guofeng marked the Party leadership's consensus that China should abandon strict Maoist economics in favor of more pragmatic policies, and Hu directed many of Deng's attempts to reform the Chinese economy. During the early s, Deng referred to Hu and Zhao Ziyang as his "left and right hands".
The ultimate goals of Hu's reforms were sometimes vaguely defined. Hu attempted to reform China's political system by: requiring candidates to be directly elected in order to enter the Politburo; holding more elections with more than one candidate; increasing government transparency; increasing public consultation media censorship essay determining Party policy; and, increasing the degree that government officials could be held media censorship essay responsible for their mistakes.
During his time in office, Hu tried to rehabilitate the people who were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, media censorship essay.
Many Chinese people think that this was his most important achievement, media censorship essay. He was also in favor of a pragmatic policy media censorship essay the Tibet Autonomous Region after realising the mistakes of previous policies. He ordered the withdrawal of thousands of Han Chinese cadres from the Tibet Autonomous Region following a May visit to the region, believing that Tibetans and Uyghurs should be empowered to administer their own affairs.
Media censorship essay also declared to cancel Bingtuan soldier farmers in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Hu traveled widely throughout his time as general secretary, visiting individual districts and villages in order to inspect the work of local officials and to keep in touch with the common people.
When he was sixty-five inHu retraced the route of the Long Media censorship essayand took the opportunity to visit and inspect remote military bases located in Tibet, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Yunnan, Qinghaiand Inner Mongolia.
Hu was notable for his liberalism and the frank expression of his opinions, media censorship essay, which sometimes agitated other senior Chinese leaders, media censorship essay. On a trip to Inner Mongolia inHu publicly suggested that Chinese people might start media censorship essay in a Western way with forks and knives, on individual plates in order to prevent communicable diseases. He was one of the first Chinese officials to abandon wearing a Mao suit in favor of Western business suits.
When asked which of Mao Zedong's theories were desirable for modern China, he replied "I think, none". Hu was not prepared to abandon Marxism completely, but frankly expressed the opinion that Communism could not solve "all of mankind's problems".
Hu encouraged intellectuals to raise controversial subjects in the media, including democracy, human rights, and the possibility of introducing legal limits to the Communist Party's influence within the Chinese government, media censorship essay.
Many party elders mistrusted Hu from the start and eventually grew to fear his influence. Hu made sincere efforts to repair Sino-Japanese relationsbut was criticized for the scope of his efforts. Inwhen Beijing recognized the twelfth anniversary of Japan's diplomatic recognition of the People's Republic, Hu invited 3, Japanese youth to Beijing, and arranged for them to tour Shanghai, HangzhouNanjingWuhanand Xi'an.
Many senior officials considered Hu's efforts extravagant, since Japan had only invited Chinese youths to Japan the previous year, media censorship essay. Hu was criticized internally for the lavish gifts that he gave to visiting Japanese officials, and for allowing his daughter to privately accompany Japanese prime minister Nakasone 's son when they visited Beijing.
Hu defended his actions by citing the importance of strong Sino-Japanese relations, and his belief that the atrocities committed by Japan in China during World War II were the actions of military warlords, and not ordinary citizens.
Hu alienated potential allies within the People's Liberation Army when he suggested for two consecutive years that the Chinese defense budget should be reduced, and senior military leaders began to criticize him. Military officials accused Hu of making poor choices when purchasing military hardware from Australia in When Hu visited Britain, military officials criticized him for drinking soup too loudly during a banquet hosted by Queen Elizabeth II.
Zhao and Hu began media censorship essay large-scale anti-corruption programme, and permitted the investigations of the children of high-ranking Party elders, who had grown up protected by their parents' influence. Hu's investigation of Party officials belonging to this " Crown Prince Party " made Hu unpopular with many powerful Party officials. In Decembera group of students organized public protests across over a dozen cities in support of political and economic liberalization.
The protests began in the University of Science and Technology in HefeiAnhui, where they were led by the controversial astrophysicist, Fang Lizhiwho was then Vice Chancellor of the university. Fang talked openly about introducing political reforms which would end the influence of the Communist Party within the Chinese government, media censorship essay. The protests were also led by two other "radical intellectuals", Wang Ruowang and Liu Binyan.
Deng Xiaoping disliked all three leaders, and ordered Hu to dismiss them from the Party in order to silence them, but Hu Yaobang refused. After Hu's forced dismissal, Deng Xiaoping promoted Zhao Ziyang to replace the liberal Hu as Party general secretary, putting Zhao in a position to succeed Deng as "paramount leader". Hu's "resignation" harmed the credibility of the CCP while improving Hu's own.
Among Chinese intellectuals Hu became an example of a man media censorship essay refused to compromise his convictions in the face of political resistance, and who had paid the price as a result. The promotion of a conservative, Li Pengto the position of premier after Hu's departure from executive-level positions made the government less enthusiastic to pursue reform, and upset plans of an orderly succession of power from Deng Xiaoping to any politician similar to Hu.
In OctoberHu retained his membership in the CCP's Central Committee at the 13th Party Congress, and was subsequently elected a member of the new Politburo by the first plenary session of the Central Committee. On 8 AprilHu suffered a heart attack while attending a Politburo meeting in Zhongnanhai to discuss education reform. Hu was rushed to the hospital, accompanied by his wife. Hu died several days later, on 15 April. He was 73 years old. Hu's last words were that he should be buried simply, without extravagance, media censorship essay, in his hometown.
In his official obituary, Hu was described as "a long-tested and staunch communist warrior, a great proletarian revolutionist and statesman, an outstanding political leader for the Chinese army".
Godzilla - Censorship in the Media (A Video Essay)
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Jun 18, · Check essay topics online. In case you are out of ideas, you may find topics to write about in social media, think of social issues (such as global warming, world war, gun control issues, college education, healthy foods), or check lists of informative essay ideas online. Make research and choose the best idea. Narrow down your list and find Apr 01, · Much of the censorship on social media does not emanate directly from the government. free speech is what he terms a “triangle” in his Columbia Law Review essay “Free Speech is a Apr 28, · The media are still feeling the impact of an executive order signed in that created ‘the nation’s first ministry of information’ The censorship board. George Creel is seated at far right
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