Browse the full archive of issues and resources from Scholastic Scope Magazine In ancient Greek mythology, Amphitrite (/ æ m f ɪ ˈ t r aɪ t iː /; Greek: Ἀμφιτρίτη, translit. Amphitrítē) was a sea goddess and wife of Poseidon and the queen of the sea. She was a daughter of Nereus and Doris (or Oceanus and Tethys). Under the influence of the Olympian pantheon, she became the consort of Poseidon and was later used as a symbolic representation of the sea How the demise of the Soviet dictator changed the history of basketball in Israel and gave my father’s famed jump shot an unexpected role in Cold War politics by Danielle Ofri More Sports
Amphitrite - Wikipedia
The relationship between religion and science is the subject of continued debate in philosophy and theology. To what extent are religion and science compatible? Are religious beliefs sometimes conducive to science, or do they inevitably pose obstacles to scientific inquiry?
It studies historical and contemporary interactions between these fields, and provides philosophical analyses of how they interrelate. This entry provides an overview of the topics and discussions in science and religion.
Section 1 outlines the scope of both fields, and how they are related. Section 2 looks at the relationship between science and religion in three religious traditions, Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. Section 3 discusses contemporary topics of scientific inquiry in which science and religion intersect, focusing on creation, divine action, and human origins.
Section 4 concludes by looking at a few future directions of the study of science and religion, trojan war essay.
Since the s, scholars in theology, philosophy, history, and the sciences have studied the relationship between science and religion. Science and religion is a recognized field of study with dedicated journals e.
Most of its authors are either theologians e. The systematic study of science and religion started in the s, with authors such as Ian Barbour and Thomas F. Torrance who challenged the prevailing view that science and religion were either at war or indifferent to each other. Zygon, the first specialist journal on science and religion, was also founded in While the early study of science and religion focused on methodological issues, authors from the late s to the s developed contextual approaches, including detailed historical examinations of the relationship between science and religion e, trojan war essay.
Peter Harrison challenged the warfare model by arguing that Protestant theological conceptions of nature and humanity helped to give rise to science in the seventeenth century. Peter Bowlertrojan war essay, drew attention to a broad movement of liberal Christians and evolutionists in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries who aimed to reconcile evolutionary trojan war essay with religious belief.
In the s, the Vatican Observatory Castel Gandolfo, Italy and the Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences Berkeley, California co-sponsored a series of conferences on divine action. It had contributors from philosophy and theology e. The aim of these conferences was to understand divine action in the light of contemporary sciences.
Each of the five conferences, and each edited volume that arose from it, was devoted to an area of natural science and its interaction with religion, including quantum cosmologyRussell et al.
See also Russell et al. The legal battles e. However, even if one were to focus on the reception of evolutionary theory, the relationship between religion and science is complex, trojan war essay. For instance, in the United Kingdom, scientists, clergy, trojan war essay, and popular writers, trojan war essay, sought to reconcile science and religion during the nineteenth and early twentieth century, whereas the United States saw the rise of a fundamentalist opposition to evolutionary thinking, exemplified by the Scopes trial in Bowlertrojan war essay In recent decades, Church leaders have issued conciliatory public statements on evolutionary theory.
Pope John Paul II affirmed evolutionary theory in his message to the Pontifical Academy of Trojan war essay, but rejected it for the human soul, which he saw as the result of a separate, special creation.
The Church of England publicly endorsed evolutionary theory e. Browntrojan war essay, including an apology to Charles Darwin for its initial rejection of his theory. For the past fifty years, science and religion has been de facto Western science and Christianity—to what extent can Christian beliefs be brought in line with the results of Western science? The field of science and religion has only recently turned to an examination of non-Christian traditions, trojan war essay, such as Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam, providing a richer picture of interaction.
In order to understand the scope of science and religion and what interactions there are between them, we must at least get a rough sense of what science and religion are. Indeed, they are terms that were coined recently, with meanings that vary across times and cultures.
Tylorwho systematically used the term for religions across the world. Philosophers of science have attempted to demarcate science from other knowledge-seeking endeavors, in particular religion. For instance, Karl Popper claimed that scientific hypotheses unlike religious ones are in principle falsifiable. Many e, trojan war essay. They disagree, however, on how to precisely and across times and cultures demarcate the two domains.
One way to distinguish between science and religion is the claim trojan war essay science concerns the natural world, whereas religion concerns both the natural and the supernatural. Scientific explanations do not appeal to supernatural entities such as gods or angels fallen or notor to non-natural forces like miracles, karma, or Qi.
For example, neuroscientists typically explain our thoughts in terms of brain states, not by reference to an immaterial soul or spirit. Naturalists draw a trojan war essay between methodological naturalism, trojan war essay, an epistemological principle that limits scientific inquiry to natural entities and laws, and ontological or philosophical naturalism, a metaphysical principle that rejects the supernatural Forrest Since methodological naturalism is concerned with the practice of science in particular, with the kinds of entities and processes that are invokedit does not make any statements about whether or not supernatural entities exist.
They might exist, but lie outside of the scope of scientific investigation. Some authors e. However, these stronger conclusions are controversial. The view that science can be demarcated from religion in its methodological naturalism is more commonly accepted. For instance, in the Kitzmiller versus Dover trial, trojan war essay, the philosopher of science Robert Pennock was called to testify by the plaintiffs on whether Intelligent Design was a form of creationism, and therefore religion.
If it were, the Dover school board policy would violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Building on earlier work e. Still, overall there was a tendency to favor naturalistic explanations in natural philosophy. This preference for naturalistic causes may have been encouraged by past successes of naturalistic explanations, leading authors such as Paul Draper to argue that the success of methodological naturalism could be evidence for ontological naturalism.
Explicit methodological naturalism arose in the nineteenth century with the X-club, a lobby group for the professionalization trojan war essay science founded in by Thomas Huxley trojan war essay friends, which aimed to promote a science that would be free from religious dogmas.
The X-club may have been in part motivated by the desire to remove competition by amateur-clergymen scientists in the field of science, and thus to open up the field to full-time professionals Garwood For example, Kelly Clark argues that we can only sensibly inquire into the relationship trojan war essay a widely accepted claim of science such as quantum mechanics or findings in neuroscience and a specific claim of a particular religion such as Islamic understandings of divine providence or Buddhist views of the no-self.
Several typologies characterize the interaction between science and religion. For example, Mikael Stenmark distinguishes between three views: the independence view no overlap between science and religionthe contact view some overlap between the fieldsand a union of the domains of science and religion; within those views he recognizes further subdivisions, e.
Subsequent authors, as well as Barbour himself, have refined and amended this taxonomy. However, others e. For one thing, it focuses on the cognitive content of religions at the expense of other aspects, such as rituals and social structures. Moreover, there is no clear definition of what conflict means evidential or logical. Nevertheless, trojan war essay, trojan war essay of its enduring influence, it is still worthwhile to discuss this taxonomy in detail.
The conflict model, which holds that science and religion are in perpetual and principal conflict, relies heavily on two historical narratives: the trial of Galileo see Dawes for a contemporary re-examination and the reception of Darwinism see Bowler Both authors argued that science and religion inevitably conflict as they essentially discuss the same domain, trojan war essay.
The vast majority of authors in the science and religion field is critical of the conflict model and believes it is based on a shallow and partisan reading of the historical record. Ironically, two views that otherwise have little in common, scientific materialism and extreme biblical literalism, both assume a conflict model: both assume that if science is right, religion is wrong, or vice versa. While the conflict model is at present a minority position, some have used philosophical argumentation e.
Alvin Plantinga has argued that the conflict is not between science and religion, but between science and naturalism. The independence model holds that science and religion explore separate domains that ask distinct questions. The lack of conflict between science and religion arises from a lack of overlap between their respective domains of professional expertise.
NOMA is both descriptive and normative: religious leaders should refrain from making factual claims about, for instance, evolutionary theory, just as scientists should not claim insight on moral matters. Gould held that there might be interactions at the borders of each magisterium, trojan war essay, such as our responsibility toward other creatures.
One obvious problem with the independence model is that if religion were barred from making any statement of fact it would be difficult to justify the claims of value and ethics, e. Moreover, religions do seem to make empirical claims, for example, that Jesus appeared after his death or that the early Hebrews passed trojan war essay the parted waters of the Red Sea.
The dialogue model proposes a mutualistic relationship between religion and science. Unlike independence, dialogue assumes that there is common ground between both fields, perhaps in their presuppositions, methods, and concepts. For example, the Christian doctrine of creation may have encouraged science by assuming that creation being the product of a designer is both intelligible and orderly, so one can expect there are laws that can be discovered.
Trojan war essay to Barbourboth scientific and theological inquiry are theory-dependent or at least model-dependent, trojan war essay, e. In dialogue, trojan war essay, the fields remain separate but they talk to each other, using common methods, concepts, and presuppositions.
Wentzel van Huyssteen has argued for a dialogue position, proposing that science and religion can be in a graceful duet, based on their epistemological overlaps, trojan war essay. The integration model is more extensive in its unification of science and theology. Barbour identifies three forms of integration. The first is natural theology, which formulates arguments for the existence and attributes of God.
Trojan war essay uses results of the natural sciences as premises in its arguments. For instance, the supposition that the universe has a temporal origin features in contemporary cosmological arguments for the existence of God, and the fact that the cosmological constants and laws of nature are life-permitting whereas many other combinations of constants and laws would not permit life is used in contemporary fine-tuning arguments.
The second, theology of nature, starts not from science trojan war essay from a religious framework, and examines how this can enrich or even revise findings of the sciences. For example, McGrath developed a Christian theology of nature, examining how nature and scientific findings can be regarded through a Christian lens.
While integration seems attractive especially to theologiansit is difficult to do justice to both the science and religion aspects of a given domain, trojan war essay, especially given their trojan war essay. For example, Pierre Teilhard de Chardinwho was both knowledgeable in paleoanthropology and theology, ended up with an unconventional view of evolution as teleological which brought him into trouble with the scientific establishmentand with an unorthodox theology with an unconventional interpretation of original sin that brought him into trouble with the Roman Catholic Church.
Theological trojan war essay, by itself, is no reason to doubt a model, but it points to difficulties for the integration model in becoming successful in the broader community of theologians and philosophers. Moreover, integration seems skewed towards theism as Barbour described arguments based on scientific results that support but do not demonstrate theism, but failed to discuss arguments based on scientific results that support but do not trojan war essay the denial of theism.
Science and religion are closely interconnected in the scientific study of religion, which can be traced back to seventeenth-century natural histories of religion.
Natural historians attempted to provide naturalistic explanations for human behavior and culture, for domains such as religion, emotions, and morality. It traces the origins of polytheism—which Hume thought was the earliest form of religious belief—to ignorance about natural causes combined with fear and apprehension about the environment.
By deifying aspects of the environment, early humans trojan war essay to persuade or bribe the gods, thereby gaining a sense of control, trojan war essay. In the nineteenth and early twentieth century, authors from newly emerging scientific disciplines, such as anthropology, sociology, and psychology, examined the purported naturalistic roots of religious belief. They did so with a broad brush, trying to explain what unifies diverse religious beliefs across cultures, rather than accounting for cultural variations.
In anthropology, the idea that all cultures evolve and progress along the same lines cultural evolutionism was widespread.
Did the Trojan War Really Happen?
, time: 20:32The Realignment - Tablet Magazine
Mythological subjects were the most popular form of decoration, especially the Trojan War, Achilles, and Amazon battles, and reflect the style and compositions of Classical Greek art. In Asia Minor, the use of sarcophagi has a long history in certain regions. During the Roman imperial period, the major production center of Asiatic sarcophagi In ancient Greek mythology, Amphitrite (/ æ m f ɪ ˈ t r aɪ t iː /; Greek: Ἀμφιτρίτη, translit. Amphitrítē) was a sea goddess and wife of Poseidon and the queen of the sea. She was a daughter of Nereus and Doris (or Oceanus and Tethys). Under the influence of the Olympian pantheon, she became the consort of Poseidon and was later used as a symbolic representation of the sea Jan 17, · The systematic study of science and religion started in the s, with authors such as Ian Barbour () and Thomas F. Torrance () who challenged the prevailing view that science and religion were either at war or indifferent to each other
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